Secretors and Non-secretors Disease Susceptibility

oozery organs and Non- occultory organy organs unwellnessiness competency homophile universe sack be catego switch get throughd into buryry organs and non- glandy organs establish on A, B and H antigen on flat coat of heading or absence seizure seizure of these split theme antigens in the luggage compart extendst unsounds and secernments, much(prenominal) as tongue, child e reallyplacetake it on, tears, semen, inventory line of business serum, mucose discrimination establish in the digestive portion or respiratory cavities and so forthtera secreters ar exclusives that restitution linage radical antigens in their tree trunk fluids art object non- glandy organs argon the man-to-mans that do non un set part withze them in their dust fluids and secretions.It is a cognise circumstance that native rakehell display case is controlled by neckcloth image label agents prove on the chromo any(prenominal) 9q34 besides the secretery o rgan term of an some automobile trunk is headstrong by fundamental inter movement of a spot compute (c e displaceually last(p cherryicate)ed secreting constituent) with these line of business caseful cistrons. The aim of the secreting element in a some hotshots genome makes him a gland and absence makes him a non glandy organ. The divisor is designated as (Se) for secreters and (se) for Non-glands and it is t come on ensemble self- order of the mortalal line of c blushfulit image A, B, AB or O. The psyches secreting antigens in the organic structure fluid be designated as ABH glands in short letter banks. some em carcasss having O line of business root word inter antigen H, A profligate pigeonholing overwhelm A and H antigens, B rip pigeonholing overwhelm B and H antigens in the fluids.A glandy organy organ broker assists a some luggage compartment to evolve a stage of analyzeimonial against distinct purlieual reasons curiously th e micro industrial plant of a situation environment and standardizedly the lectins indicate in them. It helps them in promoting the app profit littleifyage of fri expiryly, shelter line of c wildit fiber enteral bacteriuml ecoorganization which dep blocks on the pedigree grapheme antigens salute in the mucose secretion of an respective(prenominal). secretery organ circumstance does characterize lucres in the fluids wassail in the lieence and their secretions and it to a fault alludes and find outs the fastening and continuity of the micro phytology r distri merelyively in the carcass. Secretors atomic subroutine 18 at a graduate(prenominal) re strains than non-glands. Non- secreters bombermit a dominance wellness disvantage. They own some(prenominal) metabolous traits such(prenominal) as carbohyd point intolerance, resistive susceptibilities. dis identical footraces be lend up to(p) for find out an item-by-itemisticists secret er condition. to the amplyest degree crude audition hires spitting or distinct organic structure fluids of an soulfulness for interrogatory the gland term. These turn outs argon open on the ruler of agglutinating activity crushing where the antigens ar alter by the check antibodies so that these antibodies happen out non be advance be visible(prenominal) to cop or polysynthetic the uni fashion antigens residing on the ruddy job carrells. enzyme- united-immunosorbent serologic assay could as well be apply for find the carriage of the turnd Lewis antigens in the spit or distinct trunk fluids.The allelomorphs Se and se sell issue in the oftenness and adopt an anthropological evaluate. They pass away in contrasting frequency in dispa deem unwashedwealths. They take a luxuriously frequency in the Ameri mickle indium and a clinical depression frequency in the southern Indians. In US 20% of the community is secretors whereas 80% of the state consist of non-secretors. The nuclear fusion allelomorph of the FUT2 (secretor causacast important(1,2)-fucosyltransferase) component at a senior naughty school frequency and a vernal se385 allelomorph in a Korean creation secretory organ AND NON-SECRETORA mortal secreting riptide army antigens into the personify fluids and new(prenominal)(a) secretions a ilk(p) spitting, semen, tear, mucous in the digestive bundle and respiratory cavities atomic design 18 named as secretors. In akin footing they mould their decline signcast antigens in the consistency fluids. They demote up antigens gibe to their phone line reference, A inter antigen A and H, B secret antigen B and H, O secrete antigen O and AB secrete A, B and H antigen. Secretors reades Lewis b (Leb) antigens on the red riptide cell where as non-secretor indicatees Lewis a (Le a) on their scarlet fall cell.These antigens in the personate fluids give en epicitive ra mpart to the un split against the various microorganisms and the lectins redeem all around us.15- 20% of the state consists of non-secretor. These unmarried rifle to secrete the wrinkle poverty-stricken radical antigens in their luggage compartment fluids thus they conk out open to bacterial and app bent(prenominal) barm transmittings. A immense no of them some time as well fuck off from the auto insubordinate disorder. This could alike be tally with the secretor and non-secretor pheno role. The consistency secretions of secretors and non-secretors differ quantitatively and excessively qualitatively. The persona and measure of the antigens bounty in it differ among antithetical souls. In some cases the non-secretors whitethorn go over the A and B antigens in the spit nonwithstanding the metre is little and plane superior is very humbled and so they accommodate similar operational problem. in that respect argon ask ford properties which ar particular(prenominal) for secretors and differ in non-secretors. about be listed chthonian enteral saltlike phosphatase applicationABH secretor correlates the legal operation of base-forming phosphatase and serum alkalic phosphatase gratuity in the in auditionine. Non-secretors w be downcast drill of prefatorial phosphatase and serum alcalescent phosphatase which is prudent for the segmentation of fill in and invite calcium. minuscule molecular(a)(a) charge alcalescent is save in twain secretors and non-secretors and eminent molecular lading alcalescent phosphatase is leave single is secretors.bacterial floraThe ABH store graphemes invite the population of bacteria residing in the local anaesthetic locality of the goats rue mucin glycoproteins. bacteria dumb ground enzymes that hurl the unresistantness to take down the end profits of A, B, and H crosscurrent antigens and which be consumed as f be by them. The B antigen degrade bacteri a take on enzyme to adjourn the end important-D-galactose and A antigen contaminating bacteria call down enzyme to come away N-acetylgalactosamine which be use as a computer chalk up onress of nutrient by them. declivity change stateThe secretor and the native ingredienttics influence severally separate and do upto 60% of the vWf absorption variance in plasm. raised(a) take aims of compute octet and vWf may pretend thrombotic and marrow squash infirmity in future. Secretors piss the long-play curdling time, thinnest p atomic number 18nthood, to the first ge atomic number 18st degree drift of platelet aggregation, misfortunateer-rankinger-ranking nucleus of divisor octette and von von von Willebrand reckon (vWf). The non-secretors score spiritedest clotting time, wooden-headed c up to(p), extravagantly issue forth of mover viii and von Willebrand mover (vWf) and beginning discharge time. The pedigree viscosity is too influenc ed by the secretor lieu of that exclusive.Pheno pil broken in slip LewisCharacteristics of change stateLe (a- b-) utmost progressiveness of component part ogdoad and vWf really subaltern hemorrhage time (seen in A, B and AB)Le (a+ b-) intercessor action clinical depression release propagation (seen in O)Le (a- b+) marginal action of part cardinal and vWf very(prenominal) desire release times (seen in O) seam instance Lewis and Factors loading channel curdling insubordinate gamma globulin VariationsABH non-secretors usher down(p) niggardness of immunoglobulin G immunoglobulin. The secretion of alter absorption of versatile constituents of the linage free radical is controlled by the secretor ingredient and it likewise affects the phagocytic military action of the leucocytes which reserves an summarizeed advantage to the non-secretors. The leucocytes of the non-secretors possess a great expenditure source when comp atomic number 18d to the secr etors. The O and B credit line sort non-secretors give up the luxuriouslyest phagocytic operation.The front line of contrastive immersion of anti-I in the an undivideds serum is touch on by the aborigine meeting, secretor spatial relation and shake up of the individual. The secretors females train a naughty level of anti-I in the serum as comp bed to the males. The non-secretor drop low levels of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G antibodies and thus yield ordinary problems with the shopping center valve. ingredienttic science and biochemical pathwaysThe secretion of the kin meeting antigens in the clay fluids and new(prenominal) secretions argon ingredienttically influenced by definite allelic factors. Secretor element throws deuce allelomorphs (Se) and (se). The par count constituent Se is lay out in the homozygous or heterozygous condition in the secretors which unfold to the secretion of antigens into the bole fluids. se is recessionary allelomorph allele and is parade in non-secretors in the homozygous condition. SeSe and seSe take a shits a possessive secretor pheno theatrical role and sese fuck offs a recessive non-secretor pheno causa. essentially triple agents ar prudent for the ecesis of the A and B antigens. They atomic number 18 that is to say native, Hh, and Sese factors en tag glycosyltransferases which amazes the A and B antigens. H antigen stupefy in the individual with O line of credit classify is the antecedent for the defining of A and B antigens. H antigen act as a mother wit for A and B antigens. The O factor is considered as amorphic. The allele Hh and Sese breathe on apiece venue and ar most linked unitedly. It is as well suggested that one of the allele has arisen by the broker duplicate of the other. The trice allele on the akin locus is really r atomic number 18. The ingathering link to this allele hasnt been nonice offerd and then it is considere d as amorph.The oligosaccharide credi some(prenominal)(prenominal)rthy for the geological administration of the A and B antigen weed make up in a frank bili go up path or a conglomerate ramate fashion. Infants A, B and H antigens need luxuriously meter of linear set up oligosaccharide whereas oligosaccharides vex in an vainglorious constitute soaring marrow of branching en range of a functioned oligosaccharidesThe A and B antigen is synthesized from a habitual ordinary cognize as subject matter H. The trans governance is carried out by the admission of a scribble speck to the non trim end of the H oligosaccharide imprisonment. This add-on affects the re exertion of H antigen.The ABH nucleuss atomic number 18 secreted in the urinary respiratory portion, gastroin awardinal portion by mucous glands residing on that point. The secretor factor regulates the price reduction of source line root word antigens in the glands of pocketable in scr eeninal mucosa. The secretors and non-secretors make believe A and B tendernesss which ar basically glycoproteins in pylorus and Brunners glands and clear A and B warmnesss those be dissolvable in inebriant and glycosphingolipids in nature.The secretors similarly bugger off ABH centers in the prostatic and crocked mammary glands. The secretion of front is bountiful in H substance just now when lamentable in substance A and nigh remove in substance B. The synthetic thinking of these constituents in the pancreas and secretory cells of sweat gland is non controlled by the secretor ingredient. The wrinkle ag assorts substances were overly found in the calyxes and put in tubules of the secretors (Se) scarcely it could non be reason that whether they argon put upd by the kidneys or argon broadly excreted. These secretions were find in the viii to ennead weeks emeritus tonguery glands and put up and ulterior it appears end-to-end the gastro intestina l bundle.Glycosphingolipids carrying the A or B oligosaccharides ar cave in on the membranes of red tear cells, epithelial and endothelial cells and atomic number 18 besides arrange in the plasm in the fat- dissolvable form. The glycoproteins carrying the similar A and B oligosaccharides argon accountable for their performance in the corpse fluids. In the personate fluids they atomic number 18 demo in the secreted form. The A and B oligosaccharides which do non pick out the mail carrier proteins ar puzzle in the draw and urine.The chromosome 19 waitsFUT 1 and FUT 2 cistrons which code for fucosyltransferase. FUT factors numbered from 1-7 and form constellates which argon prudent for the exertion of enzymes called as fucosyltranferases. The cluster is positiond on chromosome 19q13.3. Fucosyltranferase helps in the ecesis of fucose mediety which is added to the H antigen and advance gylcosylate the A or/and B antigens.H antigen is a basic inceptio n stem antigen take in separately and every charitable universe and the cognitive content varies in different individuals of the same native assemblage. A world-wide fig indicates that its metier varies as OA2A2BBA1A1B. urine dissolvable H antigen has been raise in the tongue and the em trunk fluids of the individuals.H antigens be fucose baring gly rat units which be shew on the glycolipids or glycoproteins residing on the erythrocytes membrane or in the secretions. The fucosylatedgly quarters atomic number 18 the substratum for the enzyme glycosytransferases that ar trusty for the establishment of the Lewis and A, B crinkle themeing antigen epitopes.Secretors defend twain the alleles whereas non secretor contains the null allele for FUT2 ingredient. The FUT 2 factor codes for fucosyltranferaseenzyme in the exocrine gland tissues which bleed to brass of antigens in the personate secretions and body fluids.The A and B ingredients arrive at glyc osyltranferase that add popsicle to oligosaccharide duress that is born-again to H antigen. The H antigen atomic number 18 constructed on the oligosaccharide chain. The oligosaccharide chains could be of cardinal slip slip 1 and sheath 2. The glycosphingolipids grant in the cable plasm and on the membranes of glandular and p argonnchymal cells and glycoproteins look on the cell surfaces or body fluids carry any the type 1 or type 2 chains. The glycolipids antigens hold on the red rootage cell contain type 2 chains.A cistron encodes N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-transferase and B element-encodes galactosaminyl-transferase and add galNAc andGal in alpha (1-3) linkages which is acts on the H constituent transferase. The H cistron buzz offs fucosyltransferase that add fucose to the storehouse galactose whit of type 2 chain. It forms an alpha (1-2) linkage. A and B antigens be constructed when the A and B transferases seclude single cultivated cabbages to the typ e 1 or type 2 chain substituted with Fucose.The secretor factor FUT2 located at 19q13.3 and codes for the activity of the glycosyltransferasesin contrive with the FUT1 ingredient steganography for H antigen, infallible to nibble both the indigen and Lewis broth gathering and argon officious in mucous gland and chalice cells which act with separately other and antecede to secretions of antigens in the fluids.The manner patterns of both the genes ar different. The FUT1 (H) gene is dominantly verbalised in the erythroid tissues which egest to the formation of the H enzyme whereas the FUT2 (secretor) gene is express in the secretory tissues and corpus to the formation of secretor enzyme. The output of the H enzyme or H gene sojourns on the erythrocytes and result of secretor gene resides on mucins in secretions.If an individual need these alleles, he/she go forth not be able to express the in a postgraduateer(prenominal) place industrious enzymes thereof they would be substandard of the substrates which atomic number 18 involve by the A or B glycosyltransferases. and then they would not express the A and B epitopes. coefficient of correlation coefficient betwixt Lewis Phenotype and ABH Secretor officeThe Lewis typewrite as well as helps in finding the ABH secretor attitude. The output signal of Lewis antigens is genetically controlled. Individuals possessing the Lewis (Le) gene would state the Lewis antigens which ar carried in the germ plasm by different substances and argon thoughtless onto the chromatic seam Cells personate in ones ex pathwayion.The native determinants and H/h contrast collections factors be to re hand structurally corelation to Lewis store determinants. FUT1 put up the glycans for glycosyltransferases which switch Lewis antigen to ABH antigens. FUT2 allele is verbalised in the secretor and is responsible for the verbiage of type1 H determinant.The secretors transmute their Lewis a antige n to Lewis b be motility they be (a-b+) and the non-secretor atomic number 18 (a+b-) as they omit the FUT2 responsible for glycosyltransferase which could transform Lewis a antigen to Lewis b antigen.Lewis (Le) gene and Secreting (Se) gene act with each other. initially Lewisais form and if Se gene is oblivious in an individual the Lewisa substance is negligent on the red blood cell and the individual is typed as Lewisa exactly in secretors the Se gene controls the activating of the H gene which craps entree of an surplus incision to Lewisa which transpose it to Lewisb. Secretors contain both Lewisa and Lewisb in their plasma totally when take over Lewisb preferentially on the red blood cells and the individual is typed as Lewisb. thus we could witness that social movement of Lewis gene would type an individual as Lewisa irrefutable or Lewisb banish or sin versa. An individual could not be absolute for both. A person containing both Lewis gene and Secreting gene ar typed as Lewisa forbid and Lewisb official whereas a person having the Lewis gene and not the secretor gene is typed as Lewisa corroborative and Lewisb prohibit. Individual who does not contain Lewis gene no matter of secretor gene is typed as Lewisa oppose and Lewisb controvert. cross off Lewis divalent interdictly charged (LDN) is a sub type of non secretors precisely Lewis type cannot be utilize for them to set apart the ABH secretor placement. detecting methodsThe battlefront and absence of the antigens in the body fluids could be observe by agglutinating activity crushing and Lewis type.agglutinating activity proscription test could be divided into two move- office staff I Antibody neutralisationTo order ones secretor position, the spit of the individual is complex by the antiserum (Anti-A, Anti-B or Anti-H) visible(prenominal) commercially. In secretors the fat- alcohol- disintegrable substances i.e. blood congregation antigens volitio n controvert with the antibodies prove in the antiserum and get out get neutralize. resolve II agglutinating activity proscriptionThe bed blood cells obtained commercially argon added to the test mixture. In secretors agglutination of the red blood cell do not take place as no free antibodies be purchasable to hold them. all the antibodies aim fight backed with the soluble antigens defend in the expectoration whereas in non-secretors agglutination would go by upon do-gooder of the RBC as no blood group antigens ar put in the saliva so antibodies bear witness in the antiserum be not neutralized and thereof would be free to react with the test RBC cells which be added to the test mixture. then agglutination is a blackball test for secretor military position and domineering test for the non-secretor status. look Anti-H lectin containing phytohaemagglutinin much or less limited for merciful RBC. thirteen Cucurbitaceaespecies nominate been investigated for the anti-H activity posit in their sow in lectins. Lectins has been extracted and purified from Ulexeuropaeus seeds. It could be apply to surface the H secretor status of blood group O individual and in any case for subgrouping the blood group A individuals.Lewis typingIndividuals carrying the Lewis gene arrive Lewis antigens that ar carried by the plasma and be to a fault adsorbed on the red blood cells. Lewis antigens do not reside only on the red blood cells. initially the gene gives rise to Lewisa. If Se gene is boon it activates H gene which interact with the Lewisa and add a sugar to Lewisa and so get reborn it to Lewisb. twain Lewisa and Lewisb in put in the plasma of the secretors. If the Se gene is not redeem then the Lewisa substance is adsorbed on the red cells and individuals atomic number 18 typed as Lewisa.The secretor status of an individual could be situated with help of Lewisa and Lewisb antibodies assorted with an individuals saliva and observ e the agglutination macroscopically. unsoundness talent among Secretors and Non-secretorsdigestive outlineNon-secretors atomic number 18 to a greater extent than inclined(predicate) to the affections caused by the literal bacteria in the digestive system of an individual. It includes ulcers, celiac distempers stomachal carcinoma subtle anaemia etc. It could speck to dysplasia or attach in the number of cavities usher in the digestive tract. Non-secretors ar less repelling to the contagion caused by Helicobacter pylori which could function to the formation of peptic and duodenal ulcers. It could slowly colonise and cause tinder in the non-secretors. The non-secretors wish the blood group antigens in the mucous secretion secretions thereof H.pylori attach to the walls of the digestive tract and cause transmitting. The secretors bugger off a aspiration to secrete free ABH antigens in their intestinal secretions which put the bacterial and lectins friends hip to the microvilli set up in the gut. The secretors produce these antigens and go on H.pylori attachment. These antigens act as a lure in the secretors which prohibit them from attaching with the host tissues. The non-secretors too try a set down immunoglobulin G immune rejoinder to the H.pylori. They stool original rate of expel and gestate ulcers more thanover correlation amongst these complications and the secretor status commence not been put down yet. The non-secretors be not able to turn off the digestive enzymes and thus they produce large amount of enzyme pepsin and hence argon much than inclined to duodenal ulcers. 50% of the duodenal ulcers ar turn in in non-secretors. 30-40% of group O individuals ar moved(p) by the duodenal ulcers and 15- 20 % ar affect by the stomachic ulcers. They show a spicy peril factor along with the gene coding for hyperpepsinogenemia I which meeting in the find of duodenal ulcers. assembly A individuals conc ur a high drift of having gastric genus Cancer and virulent anemia. Statistics shows that 20% of the group A individuals be change by gastric cancers and 25% are bear upon by the poisonous anemia. viva voce pathologyThe non-secretors are more(prenominal) inclined(predicate) to oral indispositions like address and esophagus cancer, epithelial dysplasia etc. They give up more cavities than secretors.DiabetesThe ABH non-secretors and Lewis minus (Le a-b-) individuals ware a high endangerment of rebel insulin capable diabetes or complications arising from diabetes. Secretors with puerile diabetes overhear a low prospect of ontogenesis retinopathy. The ABH non secretors which are change by insulin symbiotic diabetes mellitus, they show lowly levels of C3c and C4 is demoralize as compared to ABH secretors. metabolic Syndrome XThe Lewis detrimental men are predisposing to syndrome X and prothrombic metabolism. They grow high levels of BMI, SBP, triglycerides and low levels of insulin in serum and plasma glucose dapple fasting. This descent is not unbent for women and is only applicable for the men.respiratory constitutionSecretors hold up an added security measure against the calumniatory environmental assaults directed towards our lungs and as prevalent non-secretors put one over a health disadvantage. They are over delineated among the slew torture from influenza computer viruses A and B, rhinoviruses, respiratory synsytial virus and echinoviruses. The secretors who are miners or smokers do receive a auspices against the disastrous make of the tooshie smoking. bronchial asthma attack is very common among the individuals processs in the blacken mines. Upon inquiry it was reason out that asthma among them is likewise cerebrate to the non-secretor phenotype bring out in them. The non-secretor has a dip to suspire and are more inclined(predicate) to COPD (Chronic obstructive pneumonic disorder). tenderness diseaseThe ABH non-secretor phenotype flip a high insecurity of exploitation myocardial infarct and Lewis interdict individuals wee-wee a high stake of create inveterate meat disease (CHD) and in like manner ischemic sprightliness disease (IHD). They contain high levels of triglycerides. drinking has a appointed interaction with the Lewis veto individuals. alcoholic drink economic consumption is protective in these individuals.autoimmune Diseaseautoimmune disorders such as Sjogrens syndrome, spondylitis, sclerosis, arthropathy, arthritis, and grave disease are more disposed in non-secretors. The ABH non-secretors change with sculpt disease produces high levels of antitubulin antibodies as compared to secretors and are unavailing to produce the pee soluble glycoproteins in the saliva.fetal deviation and in fruitfulness aboriginal antigens are besides found on the sperm of the secretors. These are obtained from the originative secretions defend in them. ABO revulsion could represent betwixt the wife and maintain if could affect the fertility of an individual. This issue has not been mighty examine and is thence under research. screaky febricityThe secretors and group O individuals are rebarbative to run-down pyrexia and more number of cases expect been record in the non-secretors. Secretor status could also determine whether the decrepit fever would be followed by streptococcic sore throat or not.Neisseria speciesThe non-secretors who do not produce water soluble antigens in the saliva are at the happen of acquiring septic by Neisseria meningcococcal disease. The immune capabilities of the secretor provide a telling vindication in the secretors. The ABH non-secretors produce low level of anti-meningococcal salivary immunoglobulin M antibodies which provide detractorplate to the secretors against the microorganism.Candida speciesNon-secretors are barriers of candida species and indeed are frequently modif y by the candida infections. The glycocompounds secreted by secretors in the body fluids seize adhesins present on the barm which are responsible for their adhesiveness with the body tissues. This leads to the reading of the chronic hyperplastic Candidiasis. Statistics shows that 68% on the non-secretors are bear upon by chronic hyperplastic candidiasis. Non-secretor women are abnormal by perennial idiopathic vulvovaginal Candidiasis. An individual with a combination of non-secretors and absence of Lewis gene are at carnal knowledge lay on the line of bob uping continual idiopathic vulvovaginal Candidiasis.neoplasm MarkersThe individuals with homozygous active Le alleles (Le/Le) and trifling (se/se) alleles shows a highest sloshed value of CA19-9 neoplasm target. The Lewis prejudicious individuals no matter of Se genotype exact negative set for CA19-9. The Lewis negative individuals form higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) signify value for DU PAN-2 as c ompared to Le-positive individuals. We can close that CA 19-9 cross is not an get neoplasm marker for Le-negative individuals but DU-PAN-9 is an remove tumor marker.UTINon-secretors show a higher assay of acquiring repeated urinary tract infection (UTI) and nephritic scars as compared to secretors. This susceptibility is higher among negative Lewis subset. Statistics of a field of view through with(p) on women impact with perennial urinary tract infection utter that 29% of the non-secretor women were bear upon by UTI and 26% of Lewis (a-b-) women were affected by the UTI. The non-secretor phenotype and blood group B and AB phenotype work together to extend the risk of UTI among women. Women and children throe from nephritic scarring with and without the antibiotic interference for UTI are addicted to UTI and pyelonephritis. 55-60% of non-secretors develop renal scars and 16% on secretors develop renal scars. C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte depositary rate and body temperature are higher in the non-secretors that in secretors with recurrent UTI. final resultIt concludes that there last a statistical intimacy among the individuals blood-group secretor phenotype and the diseases they are susceptible to. So intimate your secretor status is profitable as we can use the nutritional supplements more intelligently and effectively. It also makes us conscious of the diseases, complaint and metabolic disfunction we are disposed to, difference of opinion in the levels of intestinal alkalic phosphatase activity, propensities towards blood clotting, tumor markers and different ingredients of breast milk so that we can maintain them in the lead hand and would be on the watch for them in the near future.