Creating Shared Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creating Shared Value - Essay Example The concept of shared values focuses on the societal needs and not only the conventional economic needs, but the societal needs harms and weaknesses that create the costs for the firm through the energy wasted, accidents, and raw materials. Therefore, shared value does not emphasize on personal values or sharing the values that are developed by the firm or a redistribution approach, though it is an expansion of the entire field of economic and social value. On the other hand, roots of the shared values requires that the competitiveness of a company to and the community health to be closely interrelated. Therefore, there is a need for a successful community, which does not entail the creation of demand, but provision of critical public assets. The article explains that share value can be created through establishment of economic and societal value. In fact, the process of creating share value involves three distinct ways. These efforts involve preconceiving products and markets, redefinition of efficiency in the value chain and establishing accommodating industry at the location of companies. In fact, the concept of shared value applies in resetting the boundaries of capitalism, through a connection of companies’ effort to improve the society, and developing the ways for serving their needs and markets. The article covers the roles of the entrepreneurs since their venture are not considered the only way of seeking a profitable remedy to problems in the society. Therefore, entrepreneurs have the responsibility of introducing new products that are meeting the societal needs through business models. However, there are implications of creating shared values to the government since its principles are focusing on separation that exists between the business responsibilities and government or civil society. An organization that understands the significance of productivity and creation of value can have substantial implication to the government. In

Hound of the Baskerville Essay Example for Free

Hound of the Baskerville Essay In this gothic novel, logic and supernatural collide a lot of times over the course of the story. Logic is something that can be explained using facts and also by finding the cause and effects to prove something. Mean while on the other hand Supernatural is something beyond human powers. In the Hound of the Baskervilles logic is used when Sherlock Holmes it trying to explain something. The longer one stays here the more does the spirit sink into ones soul, its vastness and also its grim charm. The moor is isolated and is seen as gothic because of its location. It is set in a deserted place which at night looks as If with no sign of life, but during the day it is not. The deserted houses also help to create tension as well as the idea of a hound loose on the moors. Baskerville Hall is a big mansion located in an isolated area surrounded with land and individual passages. This helps to create suspense because the characters as well as the audience are taken into a dark, mysterious and unknown place. The story of the novel is that there is a convict on the loose, who is controlling a vicious hound. Sir Charles Baskerville is the first victim of the hound. He dies a suspicion death. So Doctor Barrymoore calls Sherlock Holmes, a police detective, who uses only logic to explain things. The Hound is found and killed and Stapleton is found and arrested. Dr Mortimer has to use logic in his works, but believes in the hound. Sherlock Holmes Uses logic to explain things. Sherlock Holmes often comes with conclusions through past experiences. Throughout the novel supernatural and logic collide. This is because at the time the novel was written society believed in the idea of supernatural and because there is a black hound in the novel people view it as being viscous because if something is black then it is perceived as evil, dangerous and harmful. Although dogs have a good and faithful relationship with humans, the idea of a black hound would be perceived as evil and viscous. Sherlock Holmes always dismisses the supernatural and keeps looking for scientific facts until he can explain what has happened. For example: Sherlock Holmes uses facts and logic to explain the death of Sir Charles Baskervilles until at the end of the novel when the hound is killed that Sherlock Holmes explains the supernatural. Dr Watson, who is quite logical, is more convinced of a supernatural element. Holmes is more convinced of the logical element. Literary traditions of this novel are of the same as other gothic novels. Novels like Emily Bronthe, Wuthering Heights and Du Maurier Jamaican Inn are also gothic. They have similar settings as to The Hound of the Baskervilles. They all have moors, which are isolated and located in a place with no sign of life with land surrounding. All have wild threats posed to the moors. Sherlock Holmes conducts everything through logic. For example: when a cane is left by a visitor, Holmes uses logic to come up with what the most likely thing the cane would be associated with. Sir Arthur Connan-Doyle wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles in the way he did because in the Victorian Era people used to believe in the idea of supernatural. Sir Arthur Connan-Doyle wanted to show the audience that the idea of supernatural could b e explained using logic and facts. He also wrote it the way in which he did because every month chapters of the novel were published in The Strand magazine. So therefore that built up suspense for the, who would then go out and buy the next edition. Watson believes more in the supernatural element because Sir Arthur Connan-Doyle wanted to have a character, who at first tries to explain through logic, but later starts to believe in the supernatural as well as what the Baskervilles say to him. For example: when Sherlock Holmes is in the caves to induct his own investigation that there is no hound and that Stapleton is the villain, while giving Watson no indication what he is doing. Stapleton is the son of Roger Baskerville. He is an ex-convict having previously done four large bank robberies. He is the husband of Mrs. Stapleton (real name Mrs. Lyons). Both the themes of logic and supernatural are important as the story is mainly based on the idea of supernatural, which later would be explained by logic and facts. The novel is not relevant to todays readers as many do not believe in the idea of supernatural as there is no proof of supernatural existing. Whereas if something is explained by logic there is evidence to back it up.

Principles of Construction Management

Principles of Construction Management Contents (Jump to) 1. Gulick’ 7 Functions 2. Fayol 3. Management Theories 4. Challenges Managing People in Construction 5. Conclusion 6. Bibliography Word Count 2070 1. Gulick’ 7 Functions In 1937, social scientists Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick (Papers on the Science of Administration) describe seven â€Å"major activities and duties of any higher authority or organisation†. Since then, the acronym POSDCORB has been used to describe the 7 functions of managers: This essentially refers to the various steps or stages involved in a typical administrative process. POSDCORB stands for: Planning: This essentially refers to establishing a broad outline of the work to be completed and the procedures required to implement them. Organising: Organising involves establishing a structure of authority, formally classifying, defining and synchronising the various sub-processes or subdivisions of the work to be done. Staffing: This involves recruiting and selecting the right candidates for the job and facilitating their orientation and training whilst maintaining quality in their work and their environment. Directing: This comprises of continual decision making and delegating structured instructions and orders to execute them. Coordinating: This basically refers to arranging and piecing together the various components of the work. Reporting: Reporting involves regularly updating knowledge about the progress or the work related activities. The information dissemination can be through records or inspection. Budgeting: Budgeting involves all the activities that fall under Auditing, Accounting, and Control. POSDCORB generally fits into the Classical Management movement, being classified as an element of scientific management. Gulick’s POSDCORB principles were instrumental in highlighting the theory of span of control, or limits on the number of people one manager could supervise, as well as unity of command to the fields of management and public administration. For Luther Gulick, the central problem of administration was determining how to achieve the coordination and control necessary to accomplish organisational objectives. His solution was to establish a strong chief executive to counter the divisive aspects of increasing specialisation and division of labour. 2. Fayol Gulick and Urwick built their ideas on the earlier 14 Principles of Management by Henri Fayol in his book General and Industrial Management (1918). Fayol defined theory as â€Å"a collection of principles, rules, methods, and procedures tried and checked by general experience† (Fayol 1918) Fayols 14 Principles Division of Work Authority and Responsibility Discipline Unity of Command Unity of Direction Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest Remuneration of Personnel Centralisation Scalar Chain (line of authority with peer level communication) Order Equity Stability of Tenure of Personnel Initiative Esprit de Corps Fayol’s influence on Gulick is evident in the 5 elements of management discussed in his book. Fayol clearly believed personal effort and team dynamics were part of an â€Å"ideal† organisation. Planning – examining the future and drawing up plan which areas of action Organising – building up the structure (labour and material) of the undertaking Command- maintaining activity among the personnel Co-ordination – unifying and harmonising activities and efforts. Control – seeing everything that occurs conforms with policies and practices. Fayol’s five principle roles (Plan, Organise, Command, Co-ordinate, and Control) of management are still actively practiced today. The idea of giving authority with responsibility is also widely commented on and is well practiced, though his principles of â€Å"unity of command† and â€Å"unity of direction† are not adhered to in the structure of choice in many of today’s companies. 3.0 Management Theories There are several important management theories which basically classified are as follows: The Scientific Management School such as the works of Frederick W. Taylor and Lillian Gilbreth’s motion study, The Classical Organisational Theory School such as the works of Henri Fayol’s views on administration, and Max Weber’s idealised bureaucracy, The Behavioural School with the work of Elton Mayo and his associates. Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims (Koontz and Weihrich 1990, p. 4). Theories provide an understanding of what we encounter. A theory provides criteria for what is relevant. Theories enable us to communicate effectively and develop more and more complex relationships with other people. Theories make it possible to keep learning about our professions with continuous development. Management Theories Since the late 1800’s management theories and scientific approaches have been produced by a number of people such as Henri Fayol, Fredrick Taylor, Elton Mayo, Henry Gantt and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. These people introduced the classical and scientific approaches and over the years developed these principles through their working careers. These styles have changed, merged and stayed the same depending of the person implementing their ideas and the type of company they work for. The traditional classical approach started around the beginning of the 19th century and mainly focused on efficiency together with bureaucratic, scientific and administrative styles of management. The bureaucratic style of management tends to rely heavily on a structure of guidelines such as rules and procedures. While the scientific approach to management mainly focuses on â€Å"the best way to do a job† and the administrative style really emphasises the flow of information in the operation of the organisation. Later towards the end of the 20th century the empowerment style was developed and as a result helped give the employee a sense of responsibility. This was done by offloading some of managements work onto the shop floor and turn gave the employee a sense achievement and direction at work. Modern Theories of Management, Human Relations Douglas McGregor (1906-1964): Who is best known for his formulation of two sets of assumptions- Theory X and Theory Y. McGregor argued that managers should shift their traditional views of man and work (which he termed Theory X) to a new humane views of man and work (which he termed Theory Y). According to McGregor, A theory X attitudes man was lazy and work was bad were both pessimistic and counterproductive. Theory X assumes that people have little ambition, dislike work, want to avoid responsibility, and need to be closely supervised to work effectively. Theory Y, proposed that man wanted to work and work was good. Theory Y offers a positive view, assuming that people can exercise self-discipline, accept responsibility and consider work to be as natural as rest and play. McGregor believed that Theory Y encompassed the true nature of workers and should guide management practice.   Ã‚   Fig 1. Douglas McGregor Theory X and Y. Scientific management – This type of management was introduced by Frederick Taylor and focuses on the worker and machine relationship and as a result of this approach helps increase productivity by increasing the efficiency of the production processes and as a result of his research, Ford Motor Co. embraced this style of management. This type is also designed so that each member of staff has a specified, well controlled task that can be performed as instructed. Time and motion – Frank and Lillian Gilbreth developed this method by focusing on identifying the individual motions of a task. These motions were combined to form both the methods of each operation and the time it took to carry out each task. They believed it was possible to design and time the method of each task in advance, rather than relying upon observation of trial and error. Administrative Management – Henry Gantt developed the Gantt chart, which is used for scheduling overlapping tasks over a period of time. Gantt charts have since become a common technique for representing the phases and activities of a working project and break down the structure so they can be understood by all. Gantt’s management approach focused on motivational schemes and as such emphasised heavily on rewarding staff for good work as opposed to disciplining them over poor work. He also looked at the quality of management skills in building effective industrial organisations. Motivation – Abraham Maslow developed the human relations and behaviour theory in the 1950/60s by distinguishing between what motivates people to do certain activities. His theory suggested that people had to satisfy one level of need before moving onto the next and this in turn resulted in what ultimately motivates people / staff. This is shown in the pyramid illustration as shown below. Fig 2 . Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Empowerment – This style of management is a modern theory and was developed in the early 90’s and basically gives the employee a sense of power at work. This is carried out by the employee being authorised by their superior to carry out certain duties without the need to seek approval from above. This type gives the employee a sense of responsibility and achievement while helping to reduce the workload of their boss and in turn cuts down the amount of work the manager has to do as they have delegated certain responsibilities. 4. Challenges Managing People in Construction As highlighted in numerous government and academic reports (Latham, 1994; Egan, 1998, Fairclough, 2002), the construction industry is a sector of the economy which faces many challenges, especially in terms of performance. There are many challenges facing a construction manager. Many challenges are a result of construction operations, while others are a result of indirect activities. A number of challenges are not construction related issues but must be addressed and managed by the construction manager. These issues include workforce/labour considerations, safety, time, and the changing nature of construction work. The construction industry in general is a labour intensive industry and the role of construction manager is to manage people in a strategic and tactical way. One way of managing people would be a classical theory on human behaviour / relations such as Elton Mayo’s on motivation, as a group working dynamics will always have an impact on the projects performance. The term group working dynamics refers to the attitudes, energy and interaction of its group’s members and leaders. The groups working dynamics will always be dependent on the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the project depending on the coordinated efforts of staff working together as a team. Human resource is the most valuable asset in construction industry. Human resource practices are generally concerned with gaining value through increased skills, productivity, contribution, and cost consciousness and productivity are the important factors affecting the overall success of any construction project. Human resource management is the process of finding out what people want from their work, what an organization wants from its employees, and then matching these two sets of needs. Construction projects depend on the knowledge and skills of planning and executing the work. The quality of this most important resource: people, which is what differentiates one team or company from another. Having talented management on board to guide and direct a project is paramount. Having the right balance of skilled and unskilled workers to perform the work is a basic necessity. Finding and recruiting sufficient numbers of skilled, talented people is becoming increasing difficult. There are many reasons this is a problem. One of which is construction is generally viewed as being one of the least desirable industries in which to work. By nature construction is dangerous, dirty, hard work. Other industries out there offer preferred work environments that are cleaner, safer, and generally more desirable. Consequently, there is a severe shortage of talented people willing to work in construction. In order to maximise long term performance, it is important to provide the training necessary to enlighten your workforce. Leadership must be developed among the workforce to aid in effectively coordinating work activities by providing communication links between management and labour. This provides the opportunity for upward mobility and gives motivated people the chance to advance professionally. Empowerment leads to high levels of commitment, enthusiasm, self-motivation, productivity, and innovation. Benefits of this include feelings of appreciation, belonging, and heightened self-worth. Empowerment enables employees to make decisions for which they are accountable and responsible. Empowerment of workforce is one of the keys to improving construction performance. 5. Conclusion – The management theories that have been discussed, important as they are, have to be translated in practice by construction managers, For practicality, all construction managers must develop three sets of skills, namely; conceptual, technical, and human ( Fleet and Perterson 1994, p. 25). A good construction manager should also be able to see members of the organisation as human beings who have needs and psychological feelings and emotions. The development of management theory involves the development of concepts, principles, and techniques. There are many theories about management, and each one ad to our knowledge of what managers should do. Each one has its own characteristics and advantages as well as limitations. The operational, or management process combines each and systematically integrates them. The styles of management best suited to construction are a blend of all described above whilst trying to motivate staff using both the autocratic and democratic approaches because of the need to be one type of boss with one employee and another with somebody else. This is extremely prevalent when dealing with health and safety where and autocratic authoritative style is a prerequisite to the success of reducing the risk of accidents on site. Therefore a manager who makes definitive attempts to translate theory into practice is more likely to increase productivity than a manager who chooses to use the trial and error method of management. 6. Bibliography Egan, J (1998) Rethinking construction: report of the construction task force on the scope for improving the quality and efficiency of UK construction, DETR, London. Fairclough, J., (2002), Rethinking construction innovation and research: A review of government RD policies and practices, Department of Trade and Industry, London Fayol, H. (1949). General and Industrial Management. (C. Storrs, Trans.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman Sons, LTD. (Original work published 1918) Fryer, B. (2004) The Practice of Construction Management, 4th Ed, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Gulick, L. H. (1936). Notes on the Theory of Organization. L. Gulick L. Urwick (Eds.), Papers on the Science of Administration. Koontz Harold and Weihrich Heinz (1990) Essentials of Management, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill. Latham, M., (1994), Constructing the team, HMSO, London Oxley, R. And Poskitt, J. (2007) Management Techniques Applied to the Construction Industry, 5th Ed, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Winch, G.M. (2008). Managing Construction Projects, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Websites Figure 1 taken from Beta Codex Network (2008) The Way People Are [Online] available from http://www.betacodex.org/de/node/508 [Accessed February 2014] Figure 2 taken from Maslows hierarchy of needs [Online] available from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslows_hierarchy_of_needs [Accessed February 2014] S150-943

Water Pollution In Rural Areas Environmental Sciences Essay

Water Pollution In Rural Areas Environmental Sciences Essay Water is a vital commodity and is essential to the natural environment. We not only rely on it for drinking but also for its use in industrial processes, cooking, cleaning and the growing of our food. There are many sources of water pollution the major sources of water pollution being; runoff, agricultural pollution, urban stormwater, organic matter, toxic waste, and thermal pollution (The Environment Agency 2010). These types of pollution tend to be area specific (for example agricultural runoff will on the whole come from rural areas as thats were most farms are situated) although this is not always the case, any type of water pollution could occur in any area rural or urban. Rural and urban areas both have many contrasting sources of pollution, all of which will have varying affects on the surrounding environment and its habitants. Although the environment which makes up Urban and rural areas can be vastly different they can at the same time be affected by the same environmental problems relating to water pollution. One example of this is eutrophication of waterways both rural and urban. Eutrophication is a situation when foreign bodies such as fertilizers of sewage enter a river or stream and act as a nutrient for algae causing rapid growth and algal blooms (May Sivakumar 2009). These algae grow out of control and thus the water becomes depleted in oxygen. The water becomes depleted in oxygen because dead algae sink to the river bed the retrieve the oxygen so it can decompose. This can then lead to further problems if too much algae decomposes it may use all the oxygen. This will mean all the oxygen has gone and because the water near the surface of the water is warmer its oxygen doesnt mix with water from the bottom as its colder and has a higher density .This eutrophication of a water body can occur in both rural and urban areas. In an urban area this problem arises primarily from sewage treatment works, if a works has an increased amount of sewage to treat then there may be some secondary or direct discharge that may enter the water supply thus causing Eutrophication (Neal et al, .2010). A similar problem can occur when leaks of phosphorus from septic tanks discharges into a local river system (Neal et al,.2010) although this isnt tied down to either rural or urban areas .This is also very likely to occur in rural areas where agriculture is more prominent and the uses of fertilizers are increased. Particularly in the following practices of cereal production, maize, potato and dairy production where fertilizers are heavily used or large amount of manure needs to be recycled. (Jarvie et.al 2009) One of the biggest problems which can lead to the pollution of urban waterways is runoff. Runoff is also a major cause for concern in more rural areas and areas of intense agriculture. The problem of runoff in urban areas however is contrasting to rural agricultural runoff. In the sense that runoff in urban areas arises from garden fertilizers, pesticides, anti-icing chemicals, vehicle emissions and pet waste. These pollutants are both organic and inorganic and can also be perversely complex, this leads to little knowledge of how these pollutants will interact once they combine and enter a water body. Due to the little knowledge of these interactions it makes it increasingly difficult for an amount allowable discharged concentration to be devised (Kuhl et.al 2010). These pollutants runoff into any local water system via tarmac or pavement areas and because of the increase in tarmac and concrete roads and driveways it makes this pollution easier to reach the water. This non permeable surface which is found more so in urban areas not only makes it easier for any pollutants to travel into water systems , but it also increases the risk of flooding and the risk of storm water moving sewage into freshwater. In rural areas this isnt such a prevalent problem as most rural areas are permeable. Although because of this it makes the control and identification of runoff in rural areas much more difficult to locate. Runoff in rural areas is usually linked to agricultural runoff. This is categorized as nonpoint-source pollution because the pollutants involved originate over larger areas and the entry of this pollution into waterways cannot be pin pointed precisely (which is not the case for some sources of urban pollution). As this rural agricultural runoff is nonpoint-source it means any treatment of pollutants entering any water system is almost impossible, although agricultural runoff can be supervised in other ways such as farmers minimizing fertilizer use and the correc t disposal of animal waste and fertrilizers. However there is another type of pollution Point source which is where pollution will enter a water system in a specific point (such as a sewage pipe). These point sources of pollution are more often found in urban areas where there may be a sewage treatment plants are normally located. This type of point source pollution makes any control or treatment of pollution much easier as it is located in one area and not spread over larger areas as agricultural runoff sometimes can be. Urban stormwater is a major source of pollution to any water bodies. It arises from when rainwater washes over any impermeable urban area picking up with it toxic chemicals, vehicle emissions, sewage, household waste etc. The problem of urban storm water becomes exacerbated when extremely heavy rainfall occurs and the flushing water can erode stream banks and streambeds. This stormwater will then be moved downstream along with any eroded soil into any waterbodys, this sediment will then sink to the bottom of a water body. This can do damage to aquatic environment and can even destroy fish eggs. Excessive sediment in a water body can damage aquatic life in other ways. It can increase risk of disease, damage fish gills and also because of thick layer of sediment will cause darker conditions it may block enough light to limit growth of aquatic plants which is essential along with oxygen to aquatic life. As well as sediment from eroded soil urban stormwater can also pick up metals from t he urban environment, the main source of which is from vehicle emissions in urban environments. Some examples of the types of metals usually found in urban stormwater are Lead, cadmium, zinc, mercury, iron, nickel and copper. All of which have differing affects including damage to fish gills and death of aquatic organisms. These metals will accumulate on roadways and then be washed off in rainwater into the water bodies. In smaller amounts metals can derive from other sources such as metal roof tops which are pelted from heavy rain, some weed killers contain zinc and also scrap yards which keep metal outside. Unlike most sources of urban water pollution rural sources normally come in the form of diffuse pollution. One of the mains sources of which is agriculture as previously mentioned, the main pollutants involved in diffuse water pollution in agriculture are nitrogen and phosphorus. Phosphorus and nitrogen are both essential in term of animal and plant growth. Phosphorus and nitrogen are found in a variety of different sources. Animal waste as found in areas of agriculture, also the use of phosphorus and nitrogen in fertilizers contributes to water pollution. The adding of fertilizers to crops also returns the essential phosphorus back to the soil, which gets taken from the soil to help grow the crops to start with. Phosphorus can also be found in soils in both the organic and inorganic form. In terms of organic phosphorus it exists in plant residues, organic soil and microbes. Phosphorus can also be in an insoluble form within soil meaning that plants cannot take in this phosphorus. Wh en fertilizers are applied that contain phosphorus as soluble compounds most of the phosphorus will be absorbed into the soil which can then be washed on directly into a body of water, leading to eutrophication. This introduction of nitrogen can seriously affect the balance of the natural nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen is essential nutrient for plant growth and part of a natural cycle that occurs which if perturbed can have serious effects on organisms that rely on the cycle. As shows in figure 1 the addition of extra nitrogen from farming practices and the use of fertilizers will lead to the potential eutrophication of water bodies. This is due to the when the balance of the nitrogen cycle is interrupted with the addition of nitrogen from fertilizers. As a result of this the natural nitrogen cycle expels the surplus nitrogen which can be washed away into a water body. Figure 1 Nitrogen cycle diagram (source:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9s.html) Although not a major source of water pollution Mining still can influence water bodies. Mines are normally found in more rural areas although they can be found in urban areas, as in earlier time small towns would have been built around these sources of coal and iron ore .Minings primary source of water pollution comes from acid drainage in mine systems. This happens when the contents of a mine (coal or metal ore) oxidise on contact with air to create sulphuric acid. This problem of mine drainage is more of a problem generally in closed mines. This is because water which may have previously been blocked or stopped somehow from entering can now enter washing the acidic solution with it. As well as containing sulphuric acid the washout from the mines may also contain high concentrations of sulphur, heavy metals and iron. When this mine drainage enters a water body the change in pH from acid to a more neutral pH causes the iron to precipitate as ferric hydroxide. This will settle to the bottom of a water body which will deplete the water of oxygen thus seriously harming aquatic life. Mining can be mainly described as a rural source of water pollution whereas one source can be described as the opposite. Land fills sites are growing and growing in the United Kingdom and many land fills are situated in urban areas as they tend to bill filled with waste from nearby towns and citys. Land fills are a potentials source of water pollution as when it rains when waste is being deposited the rainwater will pass through the waste picking up along the way all the pollutants such as heavy metals, ammonia and oxygen depleting pollutants which if they reached the water bodies could seriously harm any aquatic life. Also the waste itself in whatever from this may come in as will contain water and as the waste degrades in the landfill this water will be released which will also carry the pollutants into the soil, which may eventually end up in a water body. These problems will all be more prevalent with older land will sites as new land fills have measure in place to reduce the ris k of water pollution from these sites. In conclusion both rural and urban areas have a number of different sources of water pollution. Although there are some very different sources such as mine drainage in rural areas which causes acids and heavy metals to enter water body whereas in urban areas land fill sites can cause pollutants such as ammonia to enter water systems. One common source that both rural and urban areas share is runoff. Although both share this source of pollution they do both differ slightly. Rural areas will tend to have agricultural runoff where nitrogen and phosphorus are the common pollutants which as a result cause eutrophication. Whereas urban areas also encounter the pollution problem of runoff but in term of the pollutants involved it varies significantly to rural runoff. Urban stormwater which is the urban runoff differs to agricultural runoff because it can pick up many more types of pollutants such as heavy metals, oils and other vehicle related emissions, sewage, household waste and like rur al runoff it also can pick up fertilizers from gardens. This urban stormwater can be considerably worse in terms of the impacts on aquatic organisms than agricultural runoff because of types of pollutant that are involved. It is also important to remember that because agricultural pollution is diffuse or non-point source pollution as previously mentioned this makes the treatment or control or agricultural runoff much more difficult than the control or treatment of point sources of pollution such as urban sewage leaks.

Book Review Of The Name Of The Rose: The Name Of The Truth Essay

Imagine a medieval Benedictine monastery, with cellarers, herbalists, gardeners, librarians, young novices. One after the other, half a dozen monks are found murdered in the most bizarre ways, and the reader very quickly finds out that the monastery, supposedly a place of piety and tranquility is the place of sin and corruption. William of Baskerville, a learned Franciscan who is sent to solve the mystery finds himself involved in the frightening events inside the abbey. This is the story of "The Name of the Rose" by Umberto Eco. It is the year 1327 when William of Baskerville and his young scribe (Adso of Melk, who narrates the story many years later) arrive at the monastery. The monastery contains the greatest library of Christianity. The monks live "by books and for books" (351), however, only the librarian and his assistant are allowed to enter the stacks in the labyrinth of the library. The reason is that there are thousands of books by pagan, Jewish, Arab authors, and the librarian has the sovereign power to decide whose mind is mature enough to view these "heresies" (340). Naturally, the forbidden library, like heaven, becomes the place that all the monks crave for. Strange intrigues develop among the monks, and suddenly turn to murder. A gifted young illuminator, Adelmo, is killed; the next morning a second monk is found dead, plunged head first into a barrel of pigs' blood. Surprisingly enough, toward the end of the book it turns ou...

martin luther :: essays research papers

One of the world's best known advocates of non-violent social change strategies, Martin Luther King, Jr., synthesized ideas drawn from many different cultural traditions. Born in Atlanta on January 15, 1929, King's roots were in the African-American Baptist church. He was the grandson of the Rev. A. D. Williams, pastor of Ebenezer Baptist church and a founder of Atlanta's NAACP chapter, and the son of Martin Luther King, Sr., who succeeded Williams as Ebenezer's pastor and also became a civil rights leader. Although, from an early age, King resented religious emotionalism and questioned literal interpretations of scripture, he nevertheless greatly admired black social gospel proponents such as his father who saw the church as a instrument for improving the lives of African Americans. Morehouse College president Benjamin Mays and other proponents of Christian social activism influenced King's decision after his junior year at Morehouse to become a minister and thereby serve society. His continued skepticism, however, shaped his subsequent theological studies at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, and at Boston University, where he received a doctorate in systematic theology in 1955. Rejecting offers for academic positions, King decided while completing his Ph. D. requirements to return to the South and accepted the pastorate of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. On December 5, 1955, five days after Montgomery civil rights activist Rosa Parks refused to obey the city's rules mandating segregation on buses, black residents launched a bus boycott and elected King as president of the newly-formed Montgomery Improvement Association. As the boycott continued during 1956, King gained national prominence as a result of his exceptional oratorical skills and personal courage. His house was bombed and he was convicted along with other boycott leaders on charges of conspiring to interfere with the bus company's operations. Despite these attempts to suppress the movement, Montgomery bus were desegregated in December, 1956, after the United States Supreme Court declared Alabama's segregation laws unconstitutional. In 1957, seeking to build upon the success of the Montgomery boycott movement, King and other southern black ministers founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As SCLC's president, King emphasized the goal of black voting rights when he spoke at the Lincoln Memorial during the 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom. During 1958, he published his first book, Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. The following year, he toured India, increased his understanding of Gandhian non-violent strategies.

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication DeShawn R. Swanson SOC/110 March 16, 2010 Professor Yvonne Moore Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Communication is very important, especially in small groups. In small groups, people use verbal and nonverbal communication techniques as a way to help the group run smoother. This paper will explain how people communicate, what challenges may arise in communicating between both genders, what challenges may come when communicating with people from other cultures, and how might we be able to communicate more effectively in diverse environments. People communicate in different ways. Verbal communication is one way for us to communicate with one another face to face. Sound, words, speaking, and language are just some of the key components of verbal communication. When we are born, many of us have vocal cords that produce sound. As we get older and grow, we begin to learn how to make these sounds into words. Some words may sound like natural sounds, but other words come from expressions of emotion, such as laughter or crying. Nonverbal communication is another way for us to communicate with one another. A large portion of our communication is nonverbal. Every day, we respond to thousands of nonverbal cues and behaviors that may include postures, facial expression, eye gaze, gestures, and tone of voice. One way we communicate nonverbally is through facial expression. Facial expressions are responsible for a big proportion of nonverbal communication. Even though nonverbal communication and behavior can be different between cultures, facial expressions for being happy, sad, angry, and fearful are similar throughout the world. Another way to communicate is by using gestures. An important way to communicate without words is the use of diverse movements and signals. Hand-waving, pointing, and using fingers to show number amounts are some of the gestures used in nonverbal communication. Other gestures are uninformed and related to culture. Posture and movement can also convey a great deal on information. Since the 1970’s, there have been a huge amount of research done on body language. Over-interpretation of defensive postures, arm crossing, and leg-crossing are the focus of the popular media. While these nonverbal behaviors can indicate feelings and attitudes, research suggests that body language is far more subtle and less definitive that previously believed. There are many differences between verbal and nonverbal communication. For instance, verbal communication includes rate, volume, pitch as well as articulation and pronunciation, while nonverbal communication deals with important but unspoken signals that individuals exhibit. Some of these signals and gestures can be how we carry ourselves, appearance, how we listen to one another, eye contact, hand gestures and expressions on our face when someone makes a comment. References This is a hanging indent. To keep the hanging indent format, simply delete this line of text using the backspace key, and replace the information with your reference entry. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication How do we communicate as humans today? Today we have smart phones, computers, Pads, and other such devices can we even answer the question, how do people communicate? If you surveyed the American people they would likely answer the question with the previous answers. As humans we all know the first type of communication which Is verbal or vocal but the second type of communication Is non-verbal or non-vocal. We could plead that non-verbal Is all of the emails and messages we send on those smart devices but that is where society gets confused about what is the difference.First we have to understand the basic, what is communication? Communication is a transfer of meaning from one person or group to another. It focuses on the nature of meaning and ways to maintain the integrity of meaning through the process of dissemination and reception of the message. † (Unknown, n. D. ) Communication is not Just how well you give a message but also how well you can receive a message. A great e xample is the activity telephone. It is where you have a group of people in a row and you try to pass a message down the line to see If to can make it through the line.If down correctly the message should be sent and received correctly to where It Is the same message from start to finish. If you have ever done this activity In a group setting It more than never makes It to the end with the same message. Where along the line does our communication breakdown in the process. I think first humans need to understand the difference between verbal and non-verbal communication, the two types of communication we see daily. Verbal communication is vocal category, the spoken language. This is where you are directly talking with someone vocally.Most communication done by humans is verbal communication, it is done by phone, testing, Keep, etc. Examples of verbal communication include but not limited to meetings, lectures, team building, ND playing on sports teams. What is non-verbal communicatio n and why is it more important than verbal communication? Do you know that research shows that It takes about four minutes to make a first Impression? According to studies by UCLA professor Albert Memorable â€Å"Body language accounts for 58% of a first Impression; 38% comes from tone of voice; 7% comes from our actual words† (Memorable A. Non-verbal communication is aspects of communication that do not involve verbal, like gestures or facial expressions. If you are standing with a person having a conversation and your verbal and non-verbal communication cues are not congruent, hey are going to look at your non-verbal over what you are vocally saying. Think has this happened to you before. An example is when you are in a group discussing a group assignment and you are saying you are fine with the part you got but your body language is saying the opposite.We also have to remember that non-verbal communication is how we receive information. Non-verbal communication can help wi th your communication but first let's look at some key Issues when it comes to non- verbal communication. Some of these Issues are body language, space, hands/arms, feet, expressiveness, and handshakes. The mall Issue we as humans have Is with our body language, we give clusters of signals and postures. For example crossed arms can indicate anger or being cold. A major obstacle with body language is that one that is the peace symbol.The other issues are Just simple things like body language that show anxiety, stress, confidence, attitude, and dominant. Now with the knowledge of non-verbal communication how can that knowledge help you with communication with others? When you are communicating with others you need to focus on the above issues and work on those in the positive way. To work on you on-verbal communication you can do the following use a mirror, videotape yourself, release stress by scrunching your toes (something new I learned), and mirror the person with whom you are spe aking (the more you are like them, the more you will connect).Practice makes you better at anything but no one is perfect so you need to work on communication for the rest of your life. Everyone has room to improve, even the best speakers in the world. When taking a look at my own personal listening inventory it was interesting to see what I do well and some of the things that I need work on as an active listener. Completing the assignment open my eyes to behaviors that I would never see as behaviors of active listeners. First let's start with the items that I need to work own.I rated myself low in the areas of; I do not always concentrate on a speaker's main ideas rather than specific details. I can improve in this area by taking notes during the speaking arrangements. This will help me keep the main ideas together with the more details that go with the main ideas. Those fine details is what is going to help you do projects or learn new ideas. Everything we do as humans we have tha t area that we are in between, some days you do it and mom days you might not.The areas in listening that I said that fall into that category include; I am sometimes uncomfortable asking questions when I do not understand, I avoid tuning out speakers when I disagree with their message, I avoid tuning out message that are too complex, and I try to understand other person's point of view when it is different from mine. When it comes these areas I need to Just do them more constantly when I am listening during speaking engagements. These are the areas are why I perceive myself as a good listener in the classroom, but I could still improve on my listening skills. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Verbal and Nonverbal Communication DeShawn R. Swanson SOC/110 March 16, 2010 Professor Yvonne Moore Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Communication is very important, especially in small groups. In small groups, people use verbal and nonverbal communication techniques as a way to help the group run smoother. This paper will explain how people communicate, what challenges may arise in communicating between both genders, what challenges may come when communicating with people from other cultures, and how might we be able to communicate more effectively in diverse environments. People communicate in different ways. Verbal communication is one way for us to communicate with one another face to face. Sound, words, speaking, and language are just some of the key components of verbal communication. When we are born, many of us have vocal cords that produce sound. As we get older and grow, we begin to learn how to make these sounds into words. Some words may sound like natural sounds, but other words come from expressions of emotion, such as laughter or crying. Nonverbal communication is another way for us to communicate with one another. A large portion of our communication is nonverbal. Every day, we respond to thousands of nonverbal cues and behaviors that may include postures, facial expression, eye gaze, gestures, and tone of voice. One way we communicate nonverbally is through facial expression. Facial expressions are responsible for a big proportion of nonverbal communication. Even though nonverbal communication and behavior can be different between cultures, facial expressions for being happy, sad, angry, and fearful are similar throughout the world. Another way to communicate is by using gestures. An important way to communicate without words is the use of diverse movements and signals. Hand-waving, pointing, and using fingers to show number amounts are some of the gestures used in nonverbal communication. Other gestures are uninformed and related to culture. Posture and movement can also convey a great deal on information. Since the 1970’s, there have been a huge amount of research done on body language. Over-interpretation of defensive postures, arm crossing, and leg-crossing are the focus of the popular media. While these nonverbal behaviors can indicate feelings and attitudes, research suggests that body language is far more subtle and less definitive that previously believed. There are many differences between verbal and nonverbal communication. For instance, verbal communication includes rate, volume, pitch as well as articulation and pronunciation, while nonverbal communication deals with important but unspoken signals that individuals exhibit. Some of these signals and gestures can be how we carry ourselves, appearance, how we listen to one another, eye contact, hand gestures and expressions on our face when someone makes a comment. References This is a hanging indent. To keep the hanging indent format, simply delete this line of text using the backspace key, and replace the information with your reference entry.